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Citations in four influential books
The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, 2006
Davis Bobrow
Handbook of globalization, governance and public administration, 2006
J. + D. Brinkerhoff
Cultivating Development, 2004
David Mosse
Social Studies of Science: reagency of the Internet, or, How I Became a Guest for Science, 2005
Wesley Shrum
The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy
Ch. 28 Social and Cultural Factors: Constraining and Enabling
Davis B. Bobrow, Page 578
People come to any particular policy situation with a stock of notions about the degree and nature of relevant variety based on their prior actual or virtual experiences (including socialization, accepted history, academic learning). Thus Grammig (2002, 56) reports that a development assistance project was for experts of different nationalities “an empty shell that each participant filled with his own meaning”. What is learned about whom usually results from prior judgements about the importance of a culture or subculture and sufficient curiosity to enquire about it. We are more likely to have elaborated profiles of others we have dealt with before and previously treated as important, and less likely to have such about those rarely encountered or thought lacking in wealth, coercive power, status or rectitude. Of course, players in policy systems and policy issues are a heterogeneous lot in terms of who they have encountered and treated as important. In sum, which and how many differences get recognized (or denied) are political and cultural matters.
Handbook of globalization, governance and public administration
Ch. 36 International Development Management: Definitions, Debates and Dilemmas, Jennifer and Derick Brinkerhoff, Page 832
Development management as values is expressed in two ways. First, development management acknowledges that managing is infused with politics; successful management takes account of this fact and therefore is both contextual and strategic (see, for example, Lindenberg and Crosby, 1981; White, 1987; Brinkerhoff and Crosby, 2002). Part of this acknowledgement extends to the recognition that managers, whether the local managers in a particular country or the external providers of technical or managerial assistance, are “carriers” of values, and hence are inherently political whether they recognize it or not (see Grammig, 2002). However, providers of international technical assistance often don a mantle of neutrality, assumed as a function of their scientific and professional expertise. However, knowledge and expertise cannot be separated from the values context in which they are developed and applied.
Cultivating Development. An Ethnography of
Aid Policy and Practice
David Mosse
Page 12
Development organizations are in the habit of dealing with criticism and the questioning of their claims and actions (e.g. through reviews and evaluations). However, they are less tolerant of research that falls outside design frameworks, that does not appear to be practical relevance, is wasteful of time or adds complexity and makes the task of management harder (see discussion in Mosse 1998a). It is this that makes it virtually impossible to sustain long-term participant observation in the absence of making a practical contribution (whether as an engineer, a medic or anthropologist), being a member of the community and having a certain status (cf. Grammig 2002, Harper 2002). In any case, I for one would not have wanted the role of passive observer.
Page 36
An aid project is a ‘globalising technology’ (in its way like the media or migration) whose art of persuasion works through projecting the lives of its remote tribal beneficiaries onto metropolitan imaginations (Appadurai 1997, Luthra 2003). Over-ambition holds together internal diversity, and helps conceal the self-evident fact that ‘no country in the world has ever developed itself through projects (Edwards 1989: 119 in Grammig 2002).
Page 133
Over many years, we developed a closer and more informal working relationship with project staff than most consultancy teams; and the trust we gained gave us unusual access to the internal workings of the project. But the knowledge that we consultants developed was still based on a view from afar. Grammig (2002) suggests that (foreign) expertise necessarily implies cultural distance and ignorance of the local in order to establish a privileged ‘universal’ point of view. Certainly consultants had a fragmented experience of the project, disengaged from the day-to-day routines and the pressing demands of relationship building.
Social Studies of Science 35/5 (oct 2005)
Reagency of the Internet, or, How I Became a Guest for Science
Wesley Shrum Page 730
Two key dimensions of the transience of the Guest are length of stay (one of the ӿrst things asked about any visitor) and revisitation (never known until the fact). This is one point of entry for ethnographers who have studied technical assistance projects and an important contrast with the Guest bringing programs or projects. The actions of the latter are to review facilities, to inquire about interests (the answer is almost always ‘yes, we are interested’), to assemble a team for a proposal. Once a project is funded, it may or may not involve the emplacement of expatriates on site, interacting with a team of locals and generating all of the complexities of sustained intercultural interaction. Thomas Grammig’s outstanding description of technical assistance projects in Chad and Mexico reveals the astonishing complexity of relationships within and between groups (Grammig, 2002). Interpretations that rely exclusively on notions of who is foreign and who is local are undermined by ethnic, gender, and class divisions, among many others. As identities remain in place, they differentiate and develop individualities – over time, they can become people, even friends. The pure Guest is a transient, an action generator, an identity without other purpose than reagency.
Other Citations
How relevant is wellbeing to international development policy and practice? WeD Conference, James Copestake
Page 12:
The Primacy of the Personal
We hope our dentist will be pleasant and respectful, but if it came to a trade-off most of us would nevertheless opt for the most skilful with the drill, even if his or her chair-side manners left much to be desired. Development practice differs to the extent that interpersonal behaviour can have a more direct effect on the core goal of diffusing power in society. More fundamentally, the inequality of access to and control over resources that is inherent in many aid relationships creates particular strains on personal relationships. Carr et al (1998) observe this effect closely in the labelling and othering associated with technical assistance for training, while Grammig (2002) alludes to the same issue in his observation that even where counterparts enjoy mutual professional respect and friendship their relationship is still mediated by differing political interests and identities that are built in to unequal power over allocation and disbursement of funds. While there is no avoiding the inequality of control over global resources within which development is embedded, the effect of this can at least be reduced by questioning the functional separation of who decides when development initiatives start and finish from who is responsible for their implementation in between.
Citation Analysis
In the Oxford Handbook on Public Policy, Bobrow stresses the generic public policy problem that any development project is always and for all an empty shell. Whereas Brinkerhoff’s development management piece still maintains that it must not be so and individuals are at fault if it is, using metaphorically “to don a mantle”.
David Mosse’s book is a real turning point in the social sciences on development, opening new avenues for policy and research. He stresses neither the fundamental point of the Oxford Handbook nor the judgmental point by Brinkerhoff. Instead he refers to two specific conditions over-ambition and the need for cultural distance, and leaves their inevitability likely, perhaps he wants to stress that these conditions need to be establish again in each case. Shrum would support this since he stresses that the foreign/local opposition isn’t even enough in the case of Internet use. Over-ambition and cultural distance are at the same time practical needs for the project participants and policy needs of the organizations involved (in Mosse’s case the Indian and UK government, Indian corporations, etc.).
Brinkerhoff would incite managers to be context sensitive, contrary to Mosse’s call to reduce their roles. These two views are mutually exclusive, either it is possible to reduce the “mantle of neutrality” or to modify the underlying ambition. When discussing new development tools for the role of the state, Brinkerhoff labels Grammig’s results “postmodernist“. Most likely, he mistakes relativist premises of postmodernist research with interactionist analysis and the premise that project protagonists are in control of their endeavour. A case of research design excluding the objects research tries to get to.
Copestake defines organizational changes that alter functional roles. He seeks to derive functional remedies for the empirical demonstration of mutually dependent understanding between project participants while he acknowledges “there is no avoiding”. Copestake would also assume that Brinkerhoff’s hope is impossible.
Between the citations in the Oxford Handbook on Public Policy and in the Handbook of Globalization, Governance and Public Administration obviously social sciences and its objects are not the same. That the same case studies are used to argue opposite conclusions is not uncommon.
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